Map of Carpatho-Ukraine, an independent republic lasting only one day (March 15, 1939)

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“It arguably holds the record for shortest-lasting (de facto) independent nation, in close (and undetermined) competition with the Republic of Benin, proclaimed by Biafran rebels having successfully breached into Nigeria and already on the retreat on 19 September 1967. The area was overrun by Nigerian forces later the same day”–PisseGuri82